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Angular vulnerable to XSS in i18n attribute bindings

High severity GitHub Reviewed Published Mar 13, 2026 in angular/angular • Updated Mar 13, 2026

Package

npm @angular/compiler (npm)

Affected versions

>= 22.0.0-next.0, < 22.0.0-next.3
>= 21.0.0-next.0, < 21.2.4
>= 20.0.0-next.0.0.0, < 20.3.18
>= 19.0.0.next.0, < 19.2.20
>= 17.0.0.next.0, <= 18.2.14

Patched versions

22.0.0-next.3
21.2.4
20.3.18
19.2.20
npm @angular/core (npm)
>= 22.0.0-next.0, < 22.0.0-next.3
>= 21.0.0-next.0, < 21.2.4
>= 20.0.0-next.0.0.0, < 20.3.18
>= 19.0.0.next.0, < 19.2.20
>= 17.0.0.next.0, <= 18.2.14
22.0.0-next.3
21.2.4
20.3.18
19.2.20

Description

A Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability has been identified in the Angular runtime and compiler. It occurs when the application uses a security-sensitive attribute (for example href on an anchor tag) together with Angular's ability to internationalize attributes. Enabling internationalization for the sensitive attribute by adding i18n-<attribute> name bypasses Angular's built-in sanitization mechanism, which when combined with a data binding to untrusted user-generated data can allow an attacker to inject a malicious script.

The following example illustrates the issue:

<a href="{{maliciousUrl}}" i18n-href>Click me</a>

The following attributes have been confirmed to be vulnerable:

  • action
  • background
  • cite
  • codebase
  • data
  • formaction
  • href
  • itemtype
  • longdesc
  • poster
  • src
  • xlink:href

Impact

When exploited, this vulnerability allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code within the context of the vulnerable application's domain. This enables:

  • Session Hijacking: Stealing session cookies and authentication tokens.
  • Data Exfiltration: Capturing and transmitting sensitive user data.
  • Unauthorized Actions: Performing actions on behalf of the user.

Attack Preconditions

  1. The application must use a vulnerable version of Angular.
  2. The application must bind unsanitized user input to one of the attributes mentioned above.
  3. The bound value must be marked for internationalization via the presence of a i18n-<name> attribute on the same element.

Patches

  • 22.0.0-next.3
  • 21.2.4
  • 20.3.18
  • 19.2.20

Workarounds

The primary workaround is to ensure that any data bound to the vulnerable attributes is never sourced from untrusted user input (e.g., database, API response, URL parameters) until the patch is applied, or when it is, it shouldn't be marked for internationalization.

Alternatively, users can explicitly sanitize their attributes by passing them through Angular's DomSanitizer:

import {Component, inject, SecurityContext} from '@angular/core';
import {DomSanitizer} from '@angular/platform-browser';

@Component({
  template: `
    <form action="{{url}}" i18n-action>
      <button>Submit</button>
    </form>
  `,
})
export class App {
  url: string;

  constructor() {
    const dangerousUrl = 'javascript:alert(1)';
    const sanitizer = inject(DomSanitizer);
    this.url = sanitizer.sanitize(SecurityContext.URL, dangerousUrl) || '';
  }
}

References

@alan-agius4 alan-agius4 published to angular/angular Mar 13, 2026
Published to the GitHub Advisory Database Mar 13, 2026
Reviewed Mar 13, 2026
Last updated Mar 13, 2026

Severity

High

CVSS overall score

This score calculates overall vulnerability severity from 0 to 10 and is based on the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS).
/ 10

CVSS v4 base metrics

Exploitability Metrics
Attack Vector Network
Attack Complexity Low
Attack Requirements None
Privileges Required Low
User interaction Passive
Vulnerable System Impact Metrics
Confidentiality High
Integrity High
Availability High
Subsequent System Impact Metrics
Confidentiality None
Integrity None
Availability None

CVSS v4 base metrics

Exploitability Metrics
Attack Vector: This metric reflects the context by which vulnerability exploitation is possible. This metric value (and consequently the resulting severity) will be larger the more remote (logically, and physically) an attacker can be in order to exploit the vulnerable system. The assumption is that the number of potential attackers for a vulnerability that could be exploited from across a network is larger than the number of potential attackers that could exploit a vulnerability requiring physical access to a device, and therefore warrants a greater severity.
Attack Complexity: This metric captures measurable actions that must be taken by the attacker to actively evade or circumvent existing built-in security-enhancing conditions in order to obtain a working exploit. These are conditions whose primary purpose is to increase security and/or increase exploit engineering complexity. A vulnerability exploitable without a target-specific variable has a lower complexity than a vulnerability that would require non-trivial customization. This metric is meant to capture security mechanisms utilized by the vulnerable system.
Attack Requirements: This metric captures the prerequisite deployment and execution conditions or variables of the vulnerable system that enable the attack. These differ from security-enhancing techniques/technologies (ref Attack Complexity) as the primary purpose of these conditions is not to explicitly mitigate attacks, but rather, emerge naturally as a consequence of the deployment and execution of the vulnerable system.
Privileges Required: This metric describes the level of privileges an attacker must possess prior to successfully exploiting the vulnerability. The method by which the attacker obtains privileged credentials prior to the attack (e.g., free trial accounts), is outside the scope of this metric. Generally, self-service provisioned accounts do not constitute a privilege requirement if the attacker can grant themselves privileges as part of the attack.
User interaction: This metric captures the requirement for a human user, other than the attacker, to participate in the successful compromise of the vulnerable system. This metric determines whether the vulnerability can be exploited solely at the will of the attacker, or whether a separate user (or user-initiated process) must participate in some manner.
Vulnerable System Impact Metrics
Confidentiality: This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information managed by the VULNERABLE SYSTEM due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. Confidentiality refers to limiting information access and disclosure to only authorized users, as well as preventing access by, or disclosure to, unauthorized ones.
Integrity: This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. Integrity of the VULNERABLE SYSTEM is impacted when an attacker makes unauthorized modification of system data. Integrity is also impacted when a system user can repudiate critical actions taken in the context of the system (e.g. due to insufficient logging).
Availability: This metric measures the impact to the availability of the VULNERABLE SYSTEM resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. While the Confidentiality and Integrity impact metrics apply to the loss of confidentiality or integrity of data (e.g., information, files) used by the system, this metric refers to the loss of availability of the impacted system itself, such as a networked service (e.g., web, database, email). Since availability refers to the accessibility of information resources, attacks that consume network bandwidth, processor cycles, or disk space all impact the availability of a system.
Subsequent System Impact Metrics
Confidentiality: This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information managed by the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. Confidentiality refers to limiting information access and disclosure to only authorized users, as well as preventing access by, or disclosure to, unauthorized ones.
Integrity: This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. Integrity of the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM is impacted when an attacker makes unauthorized modification of system data. Integrity is also impacted when a system user can repudiate critical actions taken in the context of the system (e.g. due to insufficient logging).
Availability: This metric measures the impact to the availability of the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. While the Confidentiality and Integrity impact metrics apply to the loss of confidentiality or integrity of data (e.g., information, files) used by the system, this metric refers to the loss of availability of the impacted system itself, such as a networked service (e.g., web, database, email). Since availability refers to the accessibility of information resources, attacks that consume network bandwidth, processor cycles, or disk space all impact the availability of a system.
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

EPSS score

Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS)

This score estimates the probability of this vulnerability being exploited within the next 30 days. Data provided by FIRST.
(13th percentile)

Weaknesses

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users. Learn more on MITRE.

CVE ID

CVE-2026-32635

GHSA ID

GHSA-g93w-mfhg-p222

Source code

Credits

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